$ The default prompt for the (Starting a web site) root user
$ The default prompt for the root user is a pound sign (also called a hash sign): # For most Red Hat Linux systems, the $ or # prompts are preceded by your user name, system name, and current directory name. So, for example, a login prompt for the user named jake on a computer named pine with /tmp as the current directory would appear as follows: [jake@pine tmp]$ You can change the prompt to display any characters you like. You could use as your prompt the current directory, the date, the local computer name, or any string of characters that pleases you. (Configuring your prompt is described in the “Setting your prompt” section later in this chapter.) Although there are a tremendous number of features available with the shell, it s easy to begin by just typing a few commands. Try some of the commands shown in the remainder of this section to become familiar with your current shell environment. Tip If, instead of a shell prompt, you see a GUI when you log in, you can still try out the shell commands shown in the next section. To access a shell from the GUI, you can open a Terminal window by clicking a Terminal icon on the desktop panel. As an alternative, you can select Terminal from the main menu on your desktop. Click the window that appears, and you are ready to begin typing commands. In the examples that follow, the $ or # symbols indicate a prompt. The prompt is followed by the command that you type and then by Enter or Return (depending on your keyboard). The lines that follow show the output that results from the command. Checking your login session When you log in to a Linux system, Linux views you as having a particular identity. That identity includes your user name, group name, user ID, and group ID. Linux also keeps track of your login session: it knows when you logged in, how long you have been idle, and where you logged in from. To find out information about your identity, use the id command as follows: $ id uid=101(chris) gid=105(sales) groups=105(sales),4(adm),7(lp) This shows that the user name is chris, which is represented by the numeric user ID (uid) 101. Here, the primary group for chris is called sales, which has a group ID (gid) of 105. Chris also belongs to other groups called adm (uid 4) and lp (uid 7). These names and numbers represent the permissions that chris has to access computer resources. (Permissions are described later in this chapter in the section on working with files.) You can see information about your current login session by using the who command. In the following example, the -i option tells the who command to print the login time, -m says to print information about the current user, and -H asks that a header be printed: $ who -imH USER LINE LOGIN-TIME IDLE FROM host1.twostory.com!chris tty1 Jun 18 20:57 . The output from this who command shows that the user name is chris on a computer named host1, which is in a domain named twostory.com. Here, chris is logged in on tty1 (which is the monitor connected to the computer), and his login session began at 20:57 on June 18. The IDLE time shows how long the shell has been open without any command being typed (the dot indicates that it is currently active). FROM would show
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