in your file system. (Web site development) Protecting different parts
in your file system. Protecting different parts of the file system If you have many users on a system, and the users become suddenly very piggy and consume all of the file system space, the entire system can fail. For example, there may be no place for temporary files to be copied (so the programs writing to temporary files may fail), and incoming mail may fail to be written to mail boxes. With multiple mounted partitions, if one partition runs out, the others can continue to work fine. Backups There are some fast ways of backing up data from your computer that involve copying the entire image of a disk or partition. If you want to restore that partition later, you can simply copy it back (bit-by-bit) to a hard disk. With smaller partitions, this approach can be done fairly efficiently. Protecting from disk failure If one disk (or part of one disk) fails, by having multiple partitions mounted on your file system, you may be able to continue working and just fix the one disk that fails. When a disk partition is mounted on the file system, all directories and subdirectories below that mount point are then stored on that partition. So, for example, if you were to mount one partition on / and one on /usr, everything below the /usr mount point would be stored on the second partition while everything else would be stored on the first partition. If you then mounted another partition on /usr/local, everything below that mount point would be on the third partition, while everything else below /usr would be on the second partition. Tip Here s something to look out for, particularly if you are mounting file systems from other computers. What if a remote file system is unmounted from your computer, then you go to save a file in that mount point directory? What happens is that you will write the file to that directory and it will be stored on your local hard disk. When the remote file system is remounted, however, the file you saved will seem to disappear. To get the file back, you will have to unmount the remote file system (causing the file to reappear), move the file to another location, remount the file system, and copy the file back there. Mount points that are often mentioned as being candidates for separate partitions include: /, /home, /usr, and /var. The root file system (/) is the catchall for directories that aren t in other mount points. The /home file systems is where all the user accounts are typically stored. Applications and documentation are stored in /usr. Below the /var mount point is where log files, temporary files, server files (Web, FTP, and so on), and lock files are stored (i.e., items that need disk space for your computer s applications to keep running). Cross-Reference See Chapter 2 for further information on partitioning techniques. The fact that multiple partitions are mounted on your file system is basically invisible to people using your Red Hat Linux system. The only times they will care will be if a partition runs out of space or if they need to save or use information from a particular device (such as a floppy disk or file system on another computer). Of course, any user can check this by simply typing the mount command. For a personal Red Hat Linux system, I don t see much need for different partitions. Many people just mount their entire file system on root (/). Then, they just have to make sure that the entire file system doesn t run out of room. Mounting file systems Most of your hard disks are mounted automatically for you. When you installed Red Hat Linux, you were asked to create partitions and indicate the mount points for those partitions. When you boot Red Hat Linux, all Linux partitions should be mounted. For that reason, this section focuses mostly on how to mount other types of devices so that they become part of your Red Hat Linux file system.
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