I just showed a few commands designed to (Web hosting reviews)
I just showed a few commands designed to familiarize you quickly with your Linux system. There are hundreds of other commands that you can try that are contained in directories such as /bin and /usr/bin. There are also administrative commands in /sbin or /usr/sbin directories. Many of these commands are described in the remainder of this chapter. Understanding the Red Hat Linux Shell Before icons and windows took over computer screens, you typed commands to run most computers. On UNIX systems, from which Red Hat Linux was derived, the program used to interpret and manage commands was referred to as the shell. The shell provides a way to run programs, work with the file system, compile computer code, and manage the computer. Although the shell is less intuitive than common GUIs, most Linux experts consider the shell to be much more powerful than GUIs. Because shells have been around for so long, many advanced features have been built into them. Many old-school Linux administrators and programmers primarily use a GUI in their work as a means of opening lots of shells. The Red Hat Linux shell illustrated in this chapter is called the bash shell, which stands for Bourne Again SHell. The name is derived from the fact that bash is compatible with the first UNIX shell: the Bourne shell (represented by the sh command). Other popular shells include the C Shell (csh), which is popular among BSD UNIX users, and the Korn Shell (ksh), which is popular among UNIX System V users. Linux also has a tcsh shell (a C shell look-alike) and an ash shell (another Bourne shell look-alike). Although most Red Hat Linux users have a preference for one shell or another, when you know how to use one shell, you can quickly learn any of the others by occasionally referring to the shell s man page (for example, type man bash). In Red Hat Linux, the bash shell is roughly compatible with the sh shell. Caution When you run the sh shell in Linux, a link to the bash shell is actually invoked, instead of the sh shell. To have bash behave like an sh shell when the sh shell is run, bash uses the /etc/profile and ~/.profile files to configure the shell. Likewise, when csh is run, the tcsh shell is invoked instead. Using the Shell in Red Hat Linux When you type a command in a shell, you can also include other characters that change or add to how the command works. In addition to the command itself, these are some of the other items that you can type on a shell command line: Options Most commands have one or more options you can add to change their behavior. Options typically consist of a single letter, preceded by a dash. You can also usually combine several options after a single dash. For example, the command ls -la lists the contents of the current directory. The -l asks for a detailed (long) list of information, and the -a asks that files beginning with a dot (.) also be listed. When a single option consists of a word or abbreviation, it is usually preceded by a double dash (–). For example, to use the help option on many commands, you would enter –help on the command line. Arguments Many commands also accept arguments after any options are entered. An argument is an extra piece of information, such as a filename, that can be used by the command. For example, cat /etc/passwd prints out the contents of the /etc/passwd file. In this case, /etc/passwd is the argument.
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