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ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/redhat-7.1/powertools/i386/RedHat/RPMS/ xv-3.10a-23.i386.rpm Do you want to download these files to /tmp? [Y/n/a/i] ? : Y After you type Y, the software package is downloaded to your current directory (in this case, /tmp). You can then use the rpm -i /tmp/xv* command to install the package. (Replace the /tmp/xv* with the name of the package you are installing.) Note I particularly recommend using the rpmfind command to get software packages that were part of the Red Hat Linux PowerTools that was discontinued for Red Hat Linux 7.2. Those packages are not included with this book, though several previous PowerTools packages (such as xv) are referenced in this book. Understanding package names and formats You just downloaded a massive file from the Internet that contains lots of names, numbers, dots, gzs, and tars. What does all that stuff mean? Well, when you break it down, it s really not that complicated. Most of the names of archive files containing Linux applications follow the GNU-style package-naming conventions. The following example illustrates the package-naming format: mycoolapp-4.2.3.i386.rpm mycoolapp-4.2.3.tar.gz mycoolapp-4.2.3.src.tar.gz mycoolapp-4.2.3.bin.SPARC.tar.gz mycoolapp-4.2.3.bin.ELF.static.tar.gz These examples represent several different packages of the same software application. The name of this package is mycoolapp. Following the package name is a set of numbers that represent the version of the package. In this case, it is version 4.2.3 (the major version number is 4, followed by minor version number and patch level 2.3). After the version number is a dot, followed by some optional parts, which are followed by indications of how the file is archived and compressed. The first line shows a package that is in Red Hat Package Manager (.rpm) format. The .i386 before the .rpm indicates that the package contains binaries that are built to run Intel i386 architecture computers (in other words, PCs). See the sidebar “RPM versus Building from Source” for the pros and cons of using prebuilt RPM binary packages as opposed to compiling the program yourself. RPM versus Building from Source Binaries created in RPM format are easily installed, managed, and uninstalled using Red Hat tools. This is the recommended installation method for Red Hat Linux novices. Sometimes, however, building an application from source code may be preferable. Here are some arguments on both sides: RPM Installing applications from an RPM archive is easy. After the application is installed, there are both shell commands and GUIs for managing, verifying, updating, and removing the RPM application. You don t need to know anything about Makefiles or compilers. When you install an RPM package, RPM tools even check to make sure that other packages that the package depends on are installed. Because Red Hat has released RPM under the GNU, other Linux distributions have begun using it to distribute their software. Thus, most Linux applications are, or will be, available in RPM format.
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From a shell or a Terminal window, type ftp location, where location is an FTP site. For example: ftp metalab.unc.edu If the FTP site is available, it will prompt you for a user name. 2. Type anonymous for the Name and press Enter. The site prompts you for a password. 3. Type your e-mail address for the password and press Enter. 4. When your login is accepted, you can use these commands to find the software package or document that you are looking for: ls -CF To list the contents of the current directory. cd dir To change the current directory to the subdirectory dir. If you prefer, you can use two dots (cd ..) to go up a directory level. For example, try cd /pub/Linux/apps/doctools. 5. Type binary (to make sure the file is downloaded as a binary file). 6. To download a file from the current working directory, type get file where file is the application name. For example, to download the whichman application while /pub/Linux/apps/doctools is the current directory, type: get whichman-2.0.tar.gz 7. When the download is complete, type exit. Tip Before you start the ftp command, make sure that your current directory is the one in which you want to download the file. Alternatively, you could change to the directory you want by using the lcd command within ftp. For example, to change to /tmp/abcapp, type lcd /tmp/abcapp. Using rpmfind for Downloading If you are looking for software packages you know are in RPM format, rpmfind is probably the best tool for finding and downloading them. Besides finding the packages you request, rpmfind checks your Linux system so it can find packages that best match your current configuration. To use rpmfind, type rpmfind along with the software package you want. If you are connected to the Internet, rpmfind finds the package and asks if you want to download it. Here is an example of how you may use the rpmfind command to find the xv software packages: # cd /tmp # rpmfind xv Installing xv will require 943 KBytes Non-qualified hostname: maple(none)
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software you want, simply click the link to begin downloading the software to your computer. Tip A great way to find software packages that are part of the Red Hat Linux distribution or the former Red Hat Linux PowerTools is the rpmfind command. Using rpmfind, you can locate Linux software packages in RPM format and download them. The rpmfind command is described later in this chapter. Downloading Linux software You can download Linux software from the Internet using a Web browser (such as Netscape Navigator) or an FTP program (such as the ftp command). The browser often enables you to view the contents of an FTP site through a Web interface (look for an index.html file in an FTP directory). The FTP command has more options, but is less intuitive. There are also GUI-based FTP applications, such as gFTP, to make FTP services easier to use. (The gFTP command is described in Chapter 20.) Note The following procedures assume that you have a connection to the Internet. Downloading with Netscape To download a Linux software package from the Internet using Netscape Navigator, follow this procedure: 1. From the desktop, start Netscape Navigator. 2. Type the name of an FTP site that has Linux software in the location box and press Enter. For example, try ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps. 3. To move around the FTP site, click Up to Higher Level Directory to move up, or click on a directory to move down. 4. When you find a package that you want to install, position the cursor over it, click the right mouse button, and then select Save Link As. 5. In the Save As box, into the Selection box, type the location (such as /tmp/abcpkg/abc.rpm) on your local system where you would like to save the package. Tip When you download software, you should place it in an empty directory with an appropriate name. Not only does this help you remember where you put the software, but it also keeps the unarchived files separate from other files. I also recommend that you not change the name of the package, so as not to lose information about the package s contents. 6. Press OK. As the package is downloaded to your computer, a dialog box displays the progress. When the download is complete, the application is ready to be uncompressed and installed. Downloading with FTP If you want to use a text-based method of downloading files (instead of Netscape), you can use the ftp command. Here s an example of an FTP procedure: 1.
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Linux Applications Web site (www.linuxapps.com/) If you don t already know which applications you are looking for, this is a great place to start. The site offers more than 30 categories of applications. Instead of just presenting a list of package names, Linux Applications has descriptions of each application along with links to the applications home pages. Red Hat Application Index (www.redhat.com/apps/marketplace/) You can find commercial applications for Red Hat Linux at this site. Contact information and pricing, along with descriptions of each application, are provided. Linux Mall (http://www.linuxmall.com/) This site offers a large selection of Linux software. It describes each software package and provides a listing of the top 40 Linux products sold at the Linux Mall. Linux Applications and Utilities page (www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml) This site has links to a variety of freeware, shareware, and commercial Linux applications (either in binary or source code). When you purchase a commercial application, you usually get the application on CD. Installation is often simplified, and hard copy documentation is provided. Of course, when you download software, you get immediate gratification when you purchase it, you have to wait for the package to arrive in the mail. Tip Sometimes software packages will be available in both libc5 and libc6 formats. This refers to the version of C programming language libraries that are used by the application. If you have a choice, choose the libc6 packages. The libc6 packages are compatible with Red Hat Linux 7 (or any Linux kernel version 2.2 and higher). In fact, all major Linux distributions now use libc6. If you already have some idea of the software you want, you can go right to any of the many FTP sites that hold Linux software on the Internet. Here are a few ways to get to Linux FTP sites: Red Hat FTP Mirrors (www.redhat.com/mirrors.html) Go to this page for a listing of FTP sites that contain Red Hat software that you can download. Most of these sites also have a variety of freeware and shareware applications that are usable with Linux. Tip Because Red Hat recently discontinued its PowerTools CD, you may need to hunt around a bit more for popular applications that were once on that CD. The following Web site is intended to eventually become a gathering place for software packages that are intended for Red Hat Linux, but didn’t make the main distribution: http://rhcontrib.bero.org/. You can also try the RpmFind site (http://www.rpmfind.net/). Sunsite FTP Site (ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps) There are many FTP sites from which you can download Linux software. The link shown here takes you to a directory of “large useful packages and applications for Linux.” The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill MetaLab maintains this FTP site. Free Software Foundation (ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu) The Free Software Foundation (the organization that maintains the GNU) also has a lot of software at its FTP site, as well as electronic copies of printed manuals. The FTP sites are good if you already have some idea of what you are looking for. You can start by reading the README and INDEX files for a particular software product to get your bearings. When you find the
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system, Red Hat Linux is based on UNIX systems. UNIX was designed from the ground up to deal with many users and many tasks in a networked environment. Although it could still use a coat of paint, Red Hat Linux offers a strong foundation for networked applications. A huge development community is working on open source to meet the needs of the Linux community. In the past couple of years, some strong commercial offerings have been added. In the spirit of Linux and the GNU (which stands for GNU is Not UNIX ), most application programs are free or inexpensive. This means that you can try out most applications for little or no money. Getting started running Linux applications can be done at a small cost. For example, StarOffice is free to download (and only $39.95 for the boxed set), whereas if you just want Word, you need to pay hundreds of dollars for the entire Microsoft Office package. The bottom line is that it will take some effort for most people to discard their Windows operating systems completely. However, if you are committed to making Red Hat Linux your sole application platform, there are several ways to ease that transition. Emulation programs let you run many programs that were created for other operating systems. Conversion programs can help you convert graphics and word processing from other formats to those supported by Linux applications. Cross-Reference See Chapter 6 for information on importing and exporting word processing and graphics files. If you are running Linux on a PC, chances are that you already paid for a Windows 95, 98, ME, XP, NT, or 2000 operating system. You can either run the different operating systems on different PCs or have Windows and Linux on separate partitions of your hard disk. The latter requires that you reboot each time you want to switch operating systems. The following sections describe how to find and work with application programs that are created specifically for Linux. Obtaining Red Hat Linux Applications Unfortunately, you won t be able to walk into the average computer store and find a lot of Linux application programs. By far, the best way to get Linux applications is to download them from the Internet. They can also be ordered on CD-ROM from several Linux Web sites. Finding applications on the Internet Here are a few places to look for Linux applications on the Internet: Freshmeat (http://www.freshmeat.net/) This site maintains a massive index of Linux software. Type the name of a software package into the find box and you can find where it is available on the Web. This is one of the best sites to check first for Linux software. SourceForge (http://www.sourceforge.net/) This site hosts thousands of open source software projects. You can download software and documentation from those projects from the SourceForge site.
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Chapter 5: Accessing and Running Applications Overview To get your work done on a computer, you use application programs. They let you create documents, crunch data, and communicate with others. As an engine for running applications, Red Hat Linux is becoming more viable every day. Not too long ago, there were only a handful of user-friendly applications available. Now there are hundreds and they re getting more powerful and friendlier all the time. This chapter describes how to get applications for Red Hat Linux and run them. Because Red Hat Linux is still, at its heart, a programmer s and network administrator s operating system, this chapter teaches you how to download applications from the Internet and to uncompress and install them. For running native Linux applications, this chapter focuses on graphical-based applications (run on an X desktop, including applications distributed over the network). Besides programs that were specifically created for (or ported to) Linux, it is possible to run applications that were intended for other operating systems. This chapter describes emulators that are available to use with Red Hat Linux for running applications created for Windows, DOS, and Macintosh operating systems. Using Red Hat Linux as an Application Platform Although operating systems are nice, people use desktop computers to run application programs. A strong case can be made for using Red Hat Linux as a server, but as a desktop system, Red Hat Linux is still a long way from challenging Microsoft s operating system dominance for several reasons: Although you can get word processing programs, spreadsheet programs, graphics programs, and almost any other type of application that you want for Linux, many of the most popular applications in each category don t run well in Linux or don t run at all. For example, the latest Microsoft Office product will not run in Linux. If your company uses Microsoft Word for word processing or Microsoft Excel for spreadsheets, you could try converting files from those applications to run in StarOffice in Red Hat Linux. However, those files won’t always convert cleanly. There are many more commercial, battle-tested applications for Microsoft Windows operating systems than there are for Linux. Because the user market is so huge for Windows systems, many software companies develop their products solely for that market. Linux applications, as a rule, are more difficult to configure and use than are many commercial Windows applications. That s the bad news. The good news is that Linux is gaining ground. You can now use Linux on your desktop to do almost everything you would want to do on a desktop computer with Windows (it s often just a bit tougher getting there). In the near term, making a case for replacing all desktop computers with Red Hat Linux is difficult, but I believe there are many good reasons to think that, in the long term, Linux will be the superior operating system for running applications. Here are some of those reasons: Many people believe that, in time, networked applications will drive the future of computing. Unlike the first Windows systems, which had their roots in the single-user, one-task-at-a-time DOS
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$ xrdb -merge $HOME/.Xresources Summary The X Window System provides the basis for most graphical user interfaces available for Red Hat and other Linux systems today. Although X provides the framework for running and sharing applications, the GNOME and KDE desktop environments, along with a window manager, provide the look-and-feel of your desktop. Using various configuration files and commands, you can change nearly every aspect of your graphical environment. Backgrounds can be assigned a single color or can be filled with single or tiled graphic images. Menus can be changed or enhanced. Multiple virtual workspaces can be used and managed. There are also many settings associated with X itself that you can use directly to change the behavior of your desktop.
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Screen saver There is an option that you can add when you run the X server to have a screen saver come on after a set number of minutes of idle time. Using the xset command, you can change that timeout value. (As with the background examples just shown, your desktop environment may take over control of the screensaver function.) There are different ways to initially set the screen saver timeout value when you start X. $ X -s 15 $ xinit — -s 15 serverargs=”-s 15″ In the first example, you simply run the X command with the -s 15 option to have the screen saver come on after 15 minutes of inactivity. If you run xinit, two dashes on the command line indicate that the next arguments are to be passed to the X server (in this case, -s 15 is passed). The last example isn t a command at all. It is a line in the startx command. As the root user, edit the startx command and add -s 15 to the serverargs line between the quotes. This causes the -s 15 argument to be passed to the server. To change the screen saver timeout value after X has started, use the xset command as follows: $ xset s 15 You can also add the xset command line to an initialization file (such as .xinitrc), to have it set the timeout value each time the desktop starts up. If you simply want the screen saver off, type xset s off. To turn it on, type xset s on. To have the screen be blanked when it times out, type xset s blank. Tip You now know how to set your screen saver for the desktop. But what if you want to turn off the screen saver when you are in text mode? Just type setterm -blank 0. The screen saver will never come on. X Application resources Most X applications support some, or all, of the standard X options (geometry, foreground, background, etc.), as well as some options that are specific to the application. Many of them start with a set of default options defined. You can override these default options in several different ways. There are separate resource files for each X application (that chooses to create one) in the /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults directory. Each file is named after the X client it represents, with the exception that the first one or two characters are capitalized. Although it is not recommended, you could edit these files and change the resources. In that way everyone who starts X on your system will start with the same set of resources set for their applications. The preferred way to change resources for your X clients is to copy the resource file you want to change to your home directory. Then make changes and additions to it. When you start the X client that is associated with that file, the resources are incorporated into the client. Even if there is no default resource file for an X client, you can create one. For example, I created a $HOME/XEyes file and added the following lines to it: XEyes*title: My Eyes XEyes*foreground: Red XEyes*background: Yellow When I ran the xeyes command, the title “My Eyes” appeared on the task bar for the application. The eyeballs were colored yellow and the pupils were red. Instead of using individual files, you can add X resources associated with any client into your .Xresources or .Xdefaults file. When you make a change to those files, you can immediately merge those changes into the current desktop as follows:
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$ xset b off You can turn the beep back on as follows: $ xset b on You can change how loud your computer beeps by using a numeric value after the b option. The number represents a percentage of the maximum loudness (from 1 to 100). For example, the following sets the bell to 90 percent of its maximum loudness: $ xset b 90 Backgrounds Note Because GNOME and KDE take over control of the background of your desktop, you may not be able to see the effects of these commands unless you turn on GNOME or KDE background settings. With the xsetroot command, you can set the background of your desktop to a solid color or to a repeated bitmap pattern. Here s how to set the background to a solid color: $ xsetroot -solid Black This sets the background to solid black. You can also set the background to any valid color (using names or hexadecimal notation). The following example shows how to set the background to a bitmap image: $ xsetroot -bitmap /usr/X11R6/include/X11/bitmaps/terminal -fg Red -bg Black This command fills the background with tiny bitmap terminals. The foreground of each image is red and the background is black. You can try this command using other images from the bitmap directory and using other foreground and background colors. You can set your background to a grid using the -mod option of the xsetroot command. The two integers that follow represent the x and y coordinates of the grid. Each integer can be a number between 1 and 16 (to change how close together the grid lines are). Here is an example: $ xsetroot -mod 5 16 If you want to use an image type other than a bitmap for your background, you can use the xv command. (Though xv doesn’t come with Red Hat Linux, it can be obtained from a Red Hat FTP site.) The xv command can display a variety of image types: GIF, JPEG, TIFF, PBM, PGM, PPM, X11 bitmap, PCX, XPM, and a variety of others. (If you have an image in a different format, you may be able to use the convert command to change it to a format you can display.) Here is an example of the syntax of the xv command for displaying an image as your desktop background: $ xv -quit -root -max /usr/share/pixmaps/backgrounds/space/apollo17_earth.jpg As noted earlier, any of these attributes that you want set each time you start your desktop can be added to your .xinitrc or .xsession files. Tip You can find some nice background images in the Propaganda directories (/usr/share/pixmaps/backgrounds/Propaganda/*). There are also many places to find nice background images on the Web, including Digital Blasphemy (http://www.digitalblasphemy.com/) and Background Pics for Linux (http://heimat.de/ruebe/linux/bgs.html).
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that you can move the cursor in a refined way for short distances.) Here is an example: $ xset m 5 10 This example sets the mouse to move five times as fast as it would normally move for the amount that you move the mouse. Acceleration begins after the mouse moves 10 pixels. If you try this option, you will see that the mouse cursor starts out moving slowly for a short distance, then begins moving quickly. Mouse buttons If you are left-handed, you can use the xmodmap command to change the arrangement of the mouse buttons. To have the mouse button you most often use to select items under your index finger, reverse the order of the three mouse buttons. First, use the following command to check the current arrangement of your mouse buttons: $ xmodmap -pp There are 5 pointer buttons defined. Physical Button Button Code 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 This output shows that the five mouse buttons are assigned in order. The code for the first button is assigned to button one and so on. To change the order (for a left-handed person), type the following: $ xmodmap -e “pointer = 3 2 1 4 5″ Tip If your mouse isn t working, there may be a problem in your mouse configuration. Try running mouseconfig. Mouse information in your /etc/X11/XF86Config file may be wrong. If you are careful, you can manually edit mouse information in that file. Mouse cursor By default, the cursor representing the location of the mouse pointer when it is over the root window is an X. If you like, you can change the cursor to a different representation with the xsetroot command. The full list of cursors is available in the X Windows include file (/usr/X11R6/include/X11/cursorfont.h). Here is an example of how you can change the mouse cursor to a different icon: $ xsetroot -cursor_name draped_box This example changes the X cursor to a box with a small mosaic pattern in it. You can also change the cursor to any of the following values: hand1 hand2 iron_cross left_ptr plus top_left_arrow watch Sounds You can modify the annoying sounds your computer makes using the xset command. You can turn off the beep your computer makes when you make a mistake by typing the following:
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